Ageing, old age and media: Critical appraisal of knowledge practices in academic research

Main Article Content

Sara Mosberg Iversen
Monika Wilinska

Abstract

This interpretative literature review discusses research published between 2000 and 2015 that focuses on the media representation of older adults. The key objective is to offer a critical discussion on the knowledge and assumptions underlying such studies. Specifically, the review examines how old age and media, respectively, are conceptualised in the research and the consequence this has for further research in the fields of ageing and media studies. The main finding from this review is that a large part of the research appears to say nothing about what old age and media are, as it either entirely fails to discuss what is meant by these terms or relies on common sense notions. The review concludes that research on older age and media suffers from a lack of dialogue over disciplinary borders and that this issue needs to be remedied. Likewise, for research to move on, it is imperative to take a more reflexive stance on the topics in order to avoid simplistic notions of both ageing and media.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

Aday, R. & Austin, B. (2000). Images of aging in the lyrics of American country music. Educational Gerontology 26(2): 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/036012700267295

Addison, H. (2005). Transcending time: Jean Harlow and Hollywood’s narrative of decline. Journal of Film and Video 57(4): 32–46.

Altheide, D. (2013). Media logic, social control, and fear. Communication Theory 23(3): 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12017

Anderson, K. A. & Han, J. (2008). An exploration of ageism and sexism in obituary photographs: 1967–1997. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying 58(4): 335–345. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.58.4.e

Atkinson, J. L. & Herro, S. K. (2010). From the chartreuse kid to the wise old gnome of tennis: Age stereotypes as frames describing Andre Agassi at the U.S. Open. Journal of Sport & Social Issues 34(1): 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723509358966

Bacchi, C. L. (2005). Discourse, discourse everywhere: Subject “agency” in feminist discourse methodology. Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies 13(3): 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740600600407

Bai, X. (2014). Images of ageing in society: A literature review. Journal of Population Ageing 7(3): 231–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-014-9103-x

Baumann, S. & de Laat, K. (2012). Socially defunct: A comparative analysis of the underrepresentation of older women in advertising. Poetics 40(6): 514–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-014-9103-x

Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology 1(3): 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.1.3.311

Benbow-Buitenhuis, A. (2014). A feminine double-bind? Towards understanding the commercialisation of beauty through examining anti-ageing culture. Social Alternatives 33(2): 43–49.

Berger, P. L. & Luckmann, T. (1989). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. London, UK: Penguin Books. Original published 1966.

Bessendorf, G. & Del Piore, R. (2007). Women, weight, and age: Social comparison to magazine images across the lifespan. Sex Roles 563(4): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9164-2

Blaakilde, A. L. (2004). Løber tiden fra Kronos? Om kronologiseringens betydning for forestillinger om alder [Does time run for Chronos? The impact of chronologization on the understanding of age]. Tidsskrift for Kulturforskning [Journal for Cultural Studies] 3(1): 67–85.

Blaakilde, A. L., Iversen, S. M. & Wilinska, M. (2017). Growing old with and via media. MedieKultur 33(63): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v33i63.97011

Blakeborough, D. (2008). “Old people are useless”: Representations of aging on The Simpsons. Canadian Journal On Aging 27(1): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.3138/cja.27.1.57

Brown, W. (2012). Channel hopping: Charlotte Rampling in French cinema of the early 2000s. Celebrity Studies 3(1): 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2012.644719

Burr, V. (2007). Social Constructionism (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

Bytheway, B. (2005). Ageism and age categorization. Journal of Social Issues 61(2): 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00410.x

Calasanti, T. (2007). Bodacious berry, potency wood and the aging monster: Gender and age relations in anti-aging ads. Social Forces 86(1): 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0091

Carman, E. (2012). “Women rule Hollywood”: Ageing and freelance stardom in the studio system. Celebrity Studies 3(1): 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2012.644715

Carrigan, M. & Szmigin, I. (2000). Advertising and older consumers: Image and ageism. Business Ethics: A European Review 9(1): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00168

Casado-Gual, N. (2015). Unexpected turns in lifelong sentimental journeys: Redefining love, memory and old age through Alice Munro’s “The Bear Came Over the Mountain” and its film adaptation Away from Her. Ageing and Society 35(2): 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X13000780

Chan, S. H. & Leung, L. C. (2005). Between viewing and consuming: How aging women in Hong Kong negotiate television advertisements. Feminist Media Studies 5(2): 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680770500111956

Chen, C. H. (2015). Advertising representations of older people in the United Kingdom and Taiwan: A comparative analysis. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 80(2): 140–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415015590305

Chivers, S. (2006). Baby Jane grew up: The dramatic intersection of age with disability. Canadian Review of American Studies 36(2): 211–228. https://doi.org/10.3138/CRAS-s036-02-05

Chivers, S. (2013). Reimagining care: Images of aging and creativity in House Calls and Year at Sherbrooke. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 7(2): 53–71. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.1272a3

Christensen, C. & Jerslev, A. (eds) (2017). Ældre Mennesker i et Mediesamfund [Older Adults in a Media Society]. Copenhagen, DK: Frydenlund Academic.

Christensen, C. & Petersen, L. N. (2017). Introduction: Being old in the age of mediatization. Nordicom Review 38(1): 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0399

Clarke, L. H., Bennett, E. V. & Liu, C. (2014). Aging and masculinity: Portrayals in men’s magazines. Journal of Aging Studies 31: 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.08.002

Cohen, H. L. (2002). Developing media literacy skills to challenge television’s portrayal of older women. Educational Gerontology 28(7): 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270290099796

Cohen, L. (1992). No aging in India: The uses of gerontology. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 16(2): 123–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117016

Cohen-Shalev, A. & Marcus, E. L. (2008). Claude Sautet’s winter of discontent: The aging of a moviemaker. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2(4): 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013367

Cohen-Shalev, A. & Raz, A. (2008). Poetry of unadulterated imagination: The late style of Akira Kurosawa. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2(1): 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3896.2.1.34

Couldry, N. (2009). Theorising media as practice. Social Semiotics 14(2): 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035033042000238295

Cruikshank, M. (2003). Learning to be old. Gender, culture and ageing. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Danowski, J. & Robinson, T. (2012). The portrayal of older characters in popular children’s picture books in the US. Journal of Children and Media 63(3): 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2011.630741

de-Andrés-del Campo, S. & de-Lima-Maestro, R. (2014). Critical analysis of government vs. commercial advertising discourse on older persons in Spain. Comunicar 21(42): 189–197. https://doi.org/10.3916/C42-2014-19

de Luce, J. (2001). Silence at the newsstand. Generations 25(3): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.3406/agora.2001.2399

Donlon, M., Ashman, O. & Levy, B. (2005). Re-vision of older television characters: A stereotype-awareness intervention. Journal of Social Issues 61(2): 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00407.x

Douglas, W. & Buck, S. (2009). Television and the elderly in the United States. In B. Schorb, A. Hartung & W. Reißmann (eds.) Medien und höheres Lebensalter (pp. 303–315). Wiesbaden, DE: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91900-3_23

Estrada, M., Moliner, M. & Sánches, J. (2010). Attitudes towards advertisements of the older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 70(3): 231–249. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.70.3.d

Fealy, G., McNamara, M., Tracy, M. P. & Lyons, I. (2012). Constructing ageing and age identities: A case study of newspaper discourses. Ageing and Society 32(1): 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X11000092

Ferna´ndez-Arde`vol, M., Sawchuk, K. & Grenier, L. (2017). Maintaining connections: Octo- and nonagenarians on digital “use and non-use.” Nordicom Review 38(1): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0396

Ferris-Taylor, R. J. G., Grist, H., Jennings, R., Rosselson, R. & Wiseman, S. (2019). Reading film with age through collaborative autoethnography: Old age and care, encounters with Amour (Haneke, 2012), Chronic (Franco, 2015) and A Woman’s Tale (Cox, 1991). Life Writing 16(1): 69–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2019.1521260

Goltz, D. (2007). Laughing at absence: Instinct Magazine and the hyper-masculine gay future? Western Journal of Communication 71(2): 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310701348783

Gorton, K. & Garde-Hansen, J. (2013). From old media whore to new media troll. Feminist Media Studies 13(2): 288–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.678370

Gravange, P. H. (2013). The magic of cinema: Time as becoming in strangers in good company. International Journal Of Ageing & Later Life 8(1): 41–63. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.12189

Green, B. S. (1993). Gerontology and the Construction of Old Age: A Study in Discourse Analysis. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Gregory, E. (2012). “Still leafing”: Celebrity, confession, Marianne Moore’s “The Camperdown Elm” and the scandal of age. Journal of Modern Literature 35(3): 51–76. https://doi.org/10.2979/jmodelite.35.3.51

Gullette, M. M. (2004). Aged by Culture. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Haraway, D. J. (1991). Simians, Cyborgs, and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge

Harpin, A. (2012). The lives of our mad mothers: Aging and contemporary performance. Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 22(1): 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/0740770X.2012.685396

Harrington, C. & Brothers, D. (2010). A life course built for two: Acting, aging, and soap operas. Journal of Aging Studies 24(1): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2008.10.001

Harwood, J. & Anderson, K. (2002). The presence and portrayal of social groups on prime-time television. Communication Reports 15(2): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210209367756

Hazan, H. (1994). Old Age: Constructions and Deconstructions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621925

Hepp, A. & Krotz, F. (eds.) (2014). Mediatized Worlds: Culture and Society in a Media Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137300355

Hine, R. (2011). In the margins: The impact of sexualized images on the mental health of ageing women. Sex Roles 657(8): 632–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9978-4

Hofer, R. (2013). Framing the march of time: Lars von Trier’s dimension. Scandinavia 52(1): 125–140.

Holmlund, C. (2010). Celebrity, ageing and Jackie Chan: Middle-aged Asian in transnational action. Celebrity Studies 1(1): 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392390903519107

Howarth, D. (2000). Discourse. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Iversen, T., Larsen, L. & Solem, P. (2009). A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nordic Psychology 61(3): 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.3.4

Jermyn, D. (2011). Unlikely heroines?’ Women of a certain age’ and romantic comedy. CineAction (85): 26.

Jermyn, D. (2012). ‘Glorious, glamorous and that old standby, amorous’: The late blossoming of Diane Keaton’s romantic comedy career. Celebrity Studies 3(1): 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2012.644718

Jones, K. (2004). Mission drift in qualitative research, or moving toward a systematic review of qualitative studies, moving back to a more systematic narrative review. The Qualitative Report 9(1): 94–111.

Jørgensen, M. & Phillips, L. (2010). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: Sage.

Katz, S. (1996). Disciplining Old Age: The Formation of Gerontological Knowledge. Charlottesville, VI: University Press of Virginia.

Kessler, W., Rakoczy, K. & Staudinger, U. (2004). The portrayal of older people in prime-time television series: The match with gerontological evidence. Ageing and Society 24(4): 531–552.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X04002338

Kohli, M. (1985). The world we forgot: A historical review of the life course. In V. W. Marshall (ed.) Later Life: The Social Psychology of Aging (pp. 271–303). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Krainitzki, E. (2014). Judi Dench’s age-inappropriateness and the role of M: Challenging normative temporality. Journal of Aging Studies 29(1): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.01.001

Lauzen, M. & Dozier, D. (2005). Maintaining the double standard: Portrayals of age and gender in popular films. Sex Roles 52(7–8): 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3710-1

Lee, B., Kim, B. & Han, S. (2006). The portrayal of older people in television advertisments: A cross-cultural content analysis of the United States and South Korea International Journal of Aging and Human Development 63(4): 279–297. https://doi.org/10.2190/ELLG-JELY-UCCY-4L8M

Lee, M., Carpenter, B. & Meyers, L. (2007). Representations of older adults in television advertisements. Journal of Aging Studies 21(1): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2006.04.001

Lepianka, D. A. (2015). How similar, how different? On Dutch media depictions of older and younger people. Ageing and Society 35(5): 1095–1113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14000142

Lewis, D. C., Medvedev, K. & Seponski, D. M. (2011). Awakening to the desires of older women: Deconstructing ageism within fashion magazines. Journal of Aging Studies 25(2): 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2010.08.016

Loos, E., Nimrod, G. & Fernández-Ardèvol, M. (2018). Older Audiences in the Digital Media Environment: A Cross-National Longitudinal Study. Montreal: ACT Project. Available on http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/983866/ (Accessed March 15, 2019).

Low, J. & Dupuis-Blanchard, S. (2013). From zoomers to geezerade: Representations of the aging body in ageist and consumerist society. Societies 3(1): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc3010052

Lundby, K. (ed.) (2014). Mediatization of Communication. Berlin, DE: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272215

Lundgren, A. S. & Ljuslinder, K. (2011). “The baby-boom is over and the ageing shock awaits”: Populist media imagery in news-press representations of population ageing. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 6(2): 39–71. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.116233

Lykke, N. (2010). Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Method and Writing. New York: Routledge.

Markson, E. & Taylor, C. (2000). The mirror has two faces. Ageing and Society 20(2): 137–160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X99007680

McCarthy, E. D. (1996). Knowledge as Culture: The New Sociology of Knowledge. London: Routledge.

Miller, D., Leyell, T. & Mazachek, J. (2004). Stereotypes of the elderly in U.S. television commercials from the 1950s to the 1990s. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 58(4): 315–340. https://doi.org/10.2190/N1R6-7Q5Y-2N7Q-8NM1

Mock, R. (2012). Stand-up comedy and the legacy of the mature vagina. Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 22(1): 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0740770X.2012.685394

Palmore, E. B. (1999). Ageism: Negative and Positive. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Pascale, C. M. (2011). Cartographies of Knowledge. Exploring Qualitative Epistemologies. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230368

Payne, B., Appel, J. & Kim-Appel, D. (2008). Elder abuse coverage in newspapers: Regional differences and its comparison to child-abuse coverage. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect 20(3): 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946560801973135

Peterson, R. & Sautter, E. (2003). A review of the depiction of senior citizen instrumental and congenial behavior in television commercials. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing 101(2): 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1300/J150v10n01_07

Pike, E. (2013). The role of fiction in misrepresenting later life leisure activities. Leisure Studies 32(1): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.727458

Poulios, A. (2009). Age categories as an argumentative resource in conflict talk: evidence from a Greek television reality show. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2009(200): 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJSL.2009.051

Powell, J. L. (2001). Theorizing social gerontology: The case of old age, professional power and social policy in the United Kingdom. Journal of Aging and Identity 6(3): 117–135.

Powell, J. L. (2006). Social Theory and Aging. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

Prieler, M., Kohlbacher, F., Hagiwara. S. & Arima, A. (2011). Gender representation of older people in Japanese television advertisements. Sex Roles 64(5): 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9923-y

Prieler, M., Kohlbacher, F., Hagiwara, S. & Arima, A. (2015). The representation of older people in television advertisements and social change: The case of Japan. Ageing and Society 35(4): 865–887. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1400004X

Pritchard, K. & Whiting, R. (2015). Taking stock: A visual analysis of gendered ageing. Gender, Work and Organization 22(5): 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12090

Puchkov, P. (2011). Spotlight on elder abuse as reported by the Russian mass media. The Journal of Adult Protection 13(1): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.5042/jap.2011.0068

Raisborough, J. (2014). Stretching middle age: The lessons and labours of active ageing in the makeover show. Media, Culture and Society 36(8): 1069–1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443714544997

Raman, P., Harwood, J., Weis, D., Anderson, J. & Miller, G. (2008). Portrayals of older adults in U.S. and Indian magazine advertisements: A cross-cultural comparison. Howard Journal of Communications 19(3): 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170802218214

Redding, A. (2014). A finish worthy of the start: The poetics of age and masculinity in Clint Eastwood’s Gran Turino. Film Criticism 38(3): 1–23.

Robinson, T. & Anderson, C. (2006). Older characters in children’s animated television programs: A content analysis of their portrayal. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 50(2): 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_7

Robinson, T., Callister, M. & Magoffin, D. (2009). Older characters in teen movies from 1980–2006. Educational Gerontology 35(8): 687–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802708426

Robinson, T., Callister, M., Magoffin, D. & Moore, J. (2007). The portrayal of older characters in Disney animated films. Journal of Aging Studies 21(3): 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2006.10.001

Robinson, T., Popovich, M., Gustafson, R. & Faser, C. (2003). Older adults’ perception of offensive senior stereotypes in magazine advertisements: Results of a q-methodology analysis. Educational Gerontology 29(6): 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/713844392

Rozanova, J. (2010). Discourse of successful aging in The Globe and Mail: Insights from critical gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies 24(4): 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2010.05.001

Rozanova, J., Northcott, H. C. & McDaniel, S. A. (2006). Seniors and portrayals of intergenerational inequality in The globe and Mail. Canadian Journal of Aging 25(4): 372–386. https://doi.org/10.1353/cja.2007.0024

Rudmann, D. L. (2006). Shaping the active, autonomous and responsible modern retiree: An analysis of discursive technologies and their links with neo-liberal political rationality. Ageing and Society 26(2): 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X05004253

Saxton, B. & Cole, T. R. (2013). No country for old men: A search for masculinity in later life. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 7(2): 97–116. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.1272a5

Sciplino, C., Smith, P., Hurme, H., Rusek, M. & Bäckvik, P. (2010). Representations of grandparents in children’s books in Britain, Italy, Greece, Finland, and Poland. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships 8(3): 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2010.498760

Shary, T. (2014). The politics of aging in the May–December romance plot. Quarterly Review of Film and Video 31(7): 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2012.710519

Signorelli, N. (2001). Aging on television: The picture of the nineties. Generations 25(3): 34–38.

Signorelli, N. (2004). Aging on television: Messages relating to gender, race, and occupation in prime time. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 48(2): 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_7

Simcock, P. & Lynn, S. (2006). The invisible majority? Older models in UK television advertising. International Journal of Advertising 25(1): 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2006.11072953

Spariosu, M. (2016). Modernism and exile: Play, liminality, and the exilic-utopian imagination. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Stewart, J. A. (2015). Seeking the elder hero in Zhang Yimou’s film: Riding alone for thousands of miles. Jung Journal: Culture and Psyche 9(3): 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/19342039.2015.1053377

Syvertsen, T. (2010). Medieforskerne hater gamle mennesker. Norsk Medietidsskrift 17(4): 381–391.

Thorne, S. (2017). Metasynthetic madness: What kind of monster have we created? Qualitative Health Research 27(1): 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316679370

Towbin, M., Haddock, S., Zimmerman, T., Lund, L. & Tanner, L. (2003). Images of gender, race, age and sexual orientation in Disney feature-length animated films. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 15(4): 19–44. https://doi.org/10.1300/J086v15n04_02

Uotila, H., Lumme-Sandt, K. & Saarenheimo, M. (2011). Lonely older people as a problem in society: Construction in Finnish media. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 5(2): 103–130. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.10521103

Vandenberg, A. E., Price, A. E., Friedman, D. B., Marchman, G. & Anderson, L. A. (2012). How do top cable news websites portray cognition as an aging issue? The Gerontologist 52(3): 367–382. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.10521103

van Dijck, J. & Poell, T. (2013). Understanding social media logic. Media and Communication 1(1): 2–14. https://doi.org/10.12924/mac2013.01010002

van Selm, M. & Van der Heijden, B. (2014). Media portrayals of older employees: A success story? Journal of Organizational Change Management 27(4): 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2014-0102

Wada, M., Clarke, L. & Rozanova, J. (2015). Constructions of sexuality in later life: Analyses of Canadian magazine and newspaper portrayals of online dating. Journal of Aging Studies 32(1): 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.12.002

Wallander, K. (2013). Successful images of successful ageing? Representations of vigorous elderly people in a Swedish educational television programme. Nordicom Review 34(1): 91–103. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0045

Weber, B. R. (2012). Reality (celebrity) check: Fat, death and the ageing female body. Celebrity Studies 3(1): 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2012.644721

Weed, M. (2006). Interpretive qualitative synthesis in the sport and exercise sciences: The meta-interpretation approach. European Journal of Sport Science 6(2) 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500528576

Weed, M. (2008). A potential method for the interpretive synthesis of qualitative research: Issues in the development of “meta-interpretation.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11(1): 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570701401222

Weicht, B. (2013). The making of “the elderly”: Constructing the subject of care. Journal of Aging Studies 27(2): 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2013.03.001

Wilniska, M. (2010). Because women will always be women and men are just growing older: Intersecting discourses of ageing and gender. Current Sociology 58(6): 879–896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392110376030

Wilinska, M., de Honeheim, A. & Anbäcken, E. M. (2018). Ageism in a cross-national perspective: Reflections from the research field. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Roemer (eds.), Contemporary Perspectices on Ageism (pp. 441–459). Cham, DE: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_26

Williams, A., Ylänne, V., Wadleigh, P. & Chen, C. H. (2010). Portrayals of older adults in UK magazine advertisements: Relevance of target audience. Communications 35(1): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2010.001

Wolburg, J. (2011). Aging gracefully: Emerging issues for public policy and consumer welfare. The Journal of Consumer Affairs 45(3): 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2011.01208.x

Zhang, Y., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, A., Wadleigh, P. & Thimm, C. (2006). The portrayal of older adults in advertising: A cross-national review. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 25(3): 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X06289479

Zhang, Y., Song, Y. & Carver, L. (2008). Cultural values and aging in Chinese television commercials. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 18(2): 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.18.2.06zha

Zordan, D. (2010). Too old for that kind of thing? Sexuality and unshareable desire in Dresen’s Cloud 9. Theology and Sexuality 15(3): 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1558/tse.v15i3.283